Drug-eluting stents are currently used in the majority of percutaneous coronary interventions. Preclinical investigations and human autopsy studies have shown that the high efficacy of drug-eluting stents (DES) in preventing restenosis is achieved at the expense of a delay in healing. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) represents a novel intracoronary imaging tool to evaluate vascular healing response after stent implantation. Owing to its outstanding resolution in the catheter near-field, quantitative morphometric measures were complemented by more qualitative description of neointimal tissue characterization. Clinical imaging studies employing these methodologies gained valuable insights into vascular healing responses after DES implantation and are reported in this review. However, an important limitation of OCT imaging analysis, despite its high resolution, remains the inability to assess the precise cellular composition and functional capability of the neointimal tissue, especially of the endothelium. Future long-term clinical studies are warranted to determine the clinical relevance of surrogate parameters derived from preliminary OCT surveillance studies.